Effect evaluation of surgical plus radio(chemo)therapy and non-surgery chemoradiotherapy treatment strategies for advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: Using propensity score matching method(PSM) to investigate the clinical effect of surgical plus radio(chemo)therapy and non-surgery chemoradiotherapy treatment strategies for advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 324 patients diagnosed with advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma and treated in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from 2000 to 2018, confirmed by pathology and without distant metastasis. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier estimates, the Cox proportional hazards model, and propensity score matching(PSM). Results: Of the 324 patients, 102 were treated with non-surgery chemoradiotherapy treatment strategies and 222 with surgical plus radio(chemo)therapy treatment. Cox multivariate analysis showed that the non-surgery treatment group had a favorable prognosis than the surgical treatment group, however, these outcomes were not significantly different [overall survival(OS): adjusted Hazard Ratios(aHR): 0.92, 95% confidence interval(CI): 0.60-1.42; disease-specific survival(DSS): aHR: 0.71, 95%CI: 0.43-1.20; disease-free survival(DFS): aHR: 0.82, 95%CI: 0.53-1.28]. The new patient cohort consisted of 102 subpairs after PSM. There were no significant differences between two groups(OS: aHR: 0.85, 95%CI: 0.51-1.40; DSS: aHR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.35-1.11; DFS: aHR: 0.80, 95%CI: 0.49-1.33). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that patients with non-surgical treatment do not have significantly better survival outcomes compared to surgical treatment group, while non-surgical treatment has advantages in improving the quality of life of patients, so comprehensive treatment based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.

Caracterización y oportunidad del tratamiento quirúrgico en pacientes con cáncer de esófago / Characterization and Chances for Surgical Treatment in Patients with Esophageal Cancer

Introducción: El cáncer de esófago es una de las neoplasias más agresivas del tracto digestivo, presenta alta morbilidad y mortalidad a nivel mundial. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínico epidemiológicas de los pacientes con cáncer de esófago y su oportunidad del tratamiento. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación básica de tipo descriptiva y retrospectiva en los pacientes con cáncer de esófago hospitalizados en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología durante el período enero 2016 - enero 2017. Se obtuvieron los datos necesarios de las historias clínicas individuales de los casos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se aplicaron frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes para permitir los análisis estadísticos de variables seleccionadas. Resultados: El diagnóstico en las edades entre 60 y 69 años fue más frecuente, con el 44,8 por ciento de los casos; el 73,7 por ciento eran hombres y el 52,3 por ciento de la raza negra. En el 71,0 por ciento se encontró antecedentes de esofagitis de reflujo; 78,9 por ciento eran fumadores y 52,6 por ciento bebedores abusivos. La disfagia fue el síntoma más común y el carcinoma epidermoide se presentó con mayor frecuencia alcanzándose el 82,1 por ciento de la muestra estudiada. La mayoría de los casos se diagnosticó en estadio III. Conclusiones: Esta neoplasia constituye un problema de salud en Cuba, se incrementa su incidencia en los últimos años. Se recomienda aplicar el programa de detección y diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is one of the most aggressive neoplasms of the digestive tract; it accounts for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Objective: To determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with esophageal cancer and their chances for treatment. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective basic research was carried out, during the period from January 2016 to January 2017, in patients with esophageal cancer hospitalized at the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology. The necessary data were obtained from the individual medical records of the cases. that met the inclusion criteria. Absolute frequencies and percentages were applied for the statistical analyses of the selected variables. Results: The diagnosis at ages between 60 and 69 years was more frequent, accounting for 44.8 percent of the cases. 73.7 percent were men and 52.3 percent were of black race. A history of reflux esophagitis was found in 71.0 percent. 78.9 percent were smokers and 52.6 percent were abusive drinkers. Dysphagia was the most common symptom, while squamous cell carcinoma presented more frequently, reaching 82.1 percent of the sample studied. Most of the cases were diagnosed in stage III. Conclusions: This neoplasm is a health concern in Cuba; its incidence has increased in recent years. It is recommended to apply the program of early diagnosis and detection of the disease(AU)

An epidermal growth factor motif of developmental endothelial locus 1 protein inhibits efficient angiogenesis in explanted squamous cell carcinoma in vivo

ABSTRACT Background: Cancer gene therapy using a nonviral vector is expected to be repeatable, safe, and inexpensive, and to have long-term effectiveness. Gene therapy using the E3 and C1 (E3C1) domain of developmental endothelial locus-1 (Del1) has been shown to improve prognosis in a mouse transplanted tumor model. Objective: In this study, we examined how this treatment affects angiogenesis in mouse transplanted tumors. Materials and methods: Mouse transplanted tumors (SCCKN human squamous carcinoma cell line) were injected locally with a nonviral plasmid vector encoding E3C1 weekly. Histochemical analysis of the transplanted tumors was then performed to assess the effects of E3C1 on prognosis. Results: All mice in the control group had died or reached an endpoint within 39 days. In contrast, one of ten mice in the E3C1 group had died by day 39, and eight of ten had died or reached an endpoint by day 120 (p < 0.01). Enhanced apoptosis in tumor stroma was seen on histochemical analyses, as was inhibited tumor angiogenesis in E3C1-treated mice. In addition, western blot analysis showed decreases in active Notch and HEY1 proteins. Conclusion: These findings indicate that cancer gene therapy using a nonviral vector encoding E3C1 significantly improved life-span by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2021;73(1):39-51)

Correlation between PET/CT and CT in the staging prior to the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma / Correlação entre PET/TC e TC no estadiamento pré tratamento do carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço

Abstract Introduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is the seventh most common malignant tumor. The advances in treatment have improved the global survival rates in the past years, although the prognosis is still grave. Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between positron emission computed tomography and computed tomography at the time of staging a previously untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and to determine which of the two imaging techniques gives us more information at the time of initial diagnosis. Methods: Data from all patients diagnosed in our hospital of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by a biopsy of any location or unknown primary tumor was collected, between January 2012 and July 2017. In all cases, computed tomography and positron emission computed tomography were performed with a maximum of 30 days difference between them and patients had not received any prior treatment to staging. The stage given to each case was compared based solely on the physical examination, only on the computed tomography/positron emission computed tomography, with respect to the stage given by the tumor board, observing the concordance obtained through Cramer's V statistical test. Results: We performed a comparative analysis obtaining a correlation of 0.729 between the stage given by the tumor board and the one assigned based on the physical examination without imaging techniques. When only using computed tomography as an imaging method, the correlation was 0.848, whereas with only the use of positron emission computed tomography it was estimated at 0.957. When comparing the statistical association between staging using exclusively one of the two imaging techniques, correlation was 0.855. Conclusion: Positron emission computed tomography is useful for the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, improving the patient's staging especially when detecting cervical and distant metastases. Therefore, we consider that the use of positron emission computed tomography for the staging of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is a diagnostic test to be considered.

Resumo Introdução: O carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço é o sétimo tumor maligno mais comum. Os avanços no tratamento melhoraram as taxas de sobrevida global nos últimos anos, embora o prognóstico ainda seja grave. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons e a tomografia computadorizada no estadiamento de carcinomas espinocelulares da cabeça e pescoço não tratados previamente e verificar qual das duas técnicas de imagem nos fornece mais informações no momento do diagnóstico inicial. Método: Os dados de todos os pacientes diagnosticados em nosso hospital com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço por biópsia de qualquer região ou adenopatias de origem desconhecida foram colhidos no período entre janeiro de 2012 e julho de 2017. Em todos os casos, uma tomografia computadorizada e uma tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons foram realizadas com um máximo de 30 dias de diferença entre elas. Nenhum paciente deveria ter recebido tratamento antes do estadiamento. O estadiamento atribuído a cada caso foi comparado com base apenas no exame físico, pela tomografia computadorizada ou apenas pela tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons, com relação ao estadiamento concedido pela margem tumoral, observou-se a concordância obtida pelo teste estatístico de V de Cramer. Resultado: Realizamos a análise comparativa obtendo uma correlação de 0,729 entre o estadio concedido pela margem tumoral e aquele atribuído com base no exame físico sem técnicas de imagem. Usando apenas a tomografia computadorizada como método de imagem, a correlação foi de 0,848, enquanto que a correlação com a tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons foi estimada em 0,957. Ao comparar a associação estatística entre o estadiamento usando exclusivamente uma das duas técnicas de imagem, foi de 0,855. Conclusão: Tomografia computadorizada por emissão de pósitrons é útil para o diagnóstico de carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço, melhora o estadiamento, especialmente na detecção de metástases cervicais e à distância. Portanto, concluimos que seu uso para o estadiamento de pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço é um exame diagnóstico a ser considerado.

Survival analysis of different methods for classification of lymph node metastases in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma / Análise de sobrevida com diferentes métodos de classificação de metástases em linfonodos em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular oral

Introdução: Apesar dos avanços no estadiamento clínico do carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) oral a partir de sua extensão pelo sistema TNM, ainda há necessidade de métodos que classifiquem melhor a doença para predizer o prognóstico e indicar terapia adjuvante. Objetivos: Analisar a influência do número de linfonodos positivos (PN), razão de linfonodos (LNR) e probabilidade log de linfonodos positivos (LODDS) na sobrevida de pacientes com CEC de boca. Pacientes e Métodos: Dados clínico-patológicos de pacientes com CEC de boca tratados com fins curativos por cirurgia e esvaziamento cervical (ND) associado ou não a terapias adjuvantes de 1991 a 2015 foram avaliados retrospectivamente. O impacto do PN, LNR, LODDS e outras variáveis na sobrevida global (OS) e sobrevida livre de doença (DFS) foi avaliado por meio de análises univariada e multivariada. Resultados: Cento e dezenove pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo. Na análise univariada, o PN teve um impacto significativo na OS (p = 0,001) e DFS (p = 0,020), e o LNR teve um impacto estatisticamente significante na OS (p = 0,042). Na análise multivariada com outras variáveis clínicopatológicas relevantes, o PN foi o único fator significativamente independente com influência na OS (p = 0,017), mas não na DFS (p = 0,096). Conclusões: O estudo sugere que a NP é um indicador prognóstico independente para OS e DFS em pacientes com CEC de boca e tem o potencial de complementar a classificação AJCC (2017). O LNR tem potencial para ser um importante indicador prognóstico, mas os métodos para essa classificação requerem mais estudos. O LODDS não demonstrou potencial prognóstico(AU)

Background: Despite the advances in the classification of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) based on its extension by the TNM system, there is still a need for methods to better segregate the patients to predict prognosis and indicate adjuvant therapy. Objectives: To analyze the influence of the number of positive lymph nodes (PN), lymph node ratio (LNR), and log odds of positive lymph nodes (LODDS) in survival of patients with OSCC Methods: Clinicopathologic data from patients with OSCC who were treated with curative purposes by surgery and neck dissection (ND) with or without subsequent adjuvant therapies from 1991 to 2015 was retrospectively assessed. The impact of the PN, LNR, LODDS, and other variables on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed in univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: One hundred nineteen patients were included in this study. In the univariate analysis the PN had a significant impact on OS (p=0.001) and DFS (p=0.020), and the LNR had a significant impact on the OS (p=0.042). In the multivariate analysis with other relevant clinicopathologic variables, the PN was the only significantly independent factor influencing in the OS (p=0.017) but not in DFS (p=0.096). Conclusions: The PN is an independent prognostic indicator for OS and DFS in patients with OSCC and has the potential to aggregate the current AJCC classification. The LNR has potential to be an important prognostic indicator, but the methods for this classification require lapidation. The LODDS did not demonstrate prognostic potential(AU)

Ulcera de Marjolin (carcinoma escamoso) sobre eventración abdominal / Marjolin ulcer (squamous carcinoma) over abdominal hernia

Introducción: Las úlceras de Marjolin son neoplasias cutáneas que asientan sobre pieles afectadas por úlceras crónicas, quemaduras, cicatrices, estasis venosa o heridas cutáneas. Generalmente se diagnostica por medio de biopsias, siendo los carcinomas escamosos la variedad más frecuente. Existe escasa información sobre su desarrollo en heridas quirúrgicas abdominales previas, y aún menos casos reportados de su aparición sobre un defecto de la pared abdominal. Objetivo: Reporte de un caso de un paciente con antecedente de múltiples cirugías abdominales que desarrolló un carcinoma escamoso sobre cicatriz de laparotomía previa. Pacientes y Métodos: Presentación de un de un paciente masculino de 61 años, con antecedente de laparotomía exploradora, que consultó por una tumoración, de 6 meses de evolución, vegetante sobre eventración de mediana suprainfraumbilical. Se realiza exéresis de lesión en bloque de pared con enterectomia, anastomosis primaria y eventroplastia con malla de reemplazo. Cursa internación prolongada y con mala evolución, falleciendo al 77 día postoperatorio. Conclusión: Los carcinomas de células escamosas que se desarrollan sobre lesiones cutáneas previas presentan una agresividad mayor a aquellos desarrollados espontáneamente, tienen alto porcentaje de recidiva y metástasis asociadas. Se propone abordajes quirúrgicos radicales para su tratamiento, aun asi presentando una morbimortalidad elevada

Background: Marjolin ulcers are skin malignancies that appear on skin affected by chronic ulcers, burns, scars, venous stasis or skin wounds. They are generally diagnosed through a biopsy and the most frequent type is the squamous cell carcinoma. There is little information on its development in existing abdominal surgical wounds, and there are even fewer cases reported in relation to its appearance upon an abdominal wall defect. Objective: To report a case of a patient with a history of multiple abdominal surgeries who developed a squamous cell carcinoma in an existing laparotomy scar in association with an incisional hernia. Patient and Methods: A 61-year-old male patient, with history of an exploratory laparotomy in 1986, presents with a 6-month-old vegetating tumor upon a supra-infraumbilical median eventration. An excision of the lesion that included the abdominal wall and an associated enterectomy, primary anastomosis, and eventroplasty with replacement mesh was performed. During his prolonged hospital stay, he underwent with many medical intercurrences and even an additional surgery was needed. Eventually, the patient dies 77 days after the surgery. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinomas that develop in existing skin lesions tend to be more aggressive than those that develop spontaneously. They have a high percentage of recurrence and associated metastases. Radical surgical approaches are suggested for its treatment, although it has a high morbidity and mortality rate.

Anti-micro rna-221 a promising genetic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma (scc-25)

Abstract Micro-RNA-221(miR-221) is one of oncogenic miRNAs that plays a vital role in the development and progression of oral cancers. The aim of this study is to introduce a new gene therapy for oral squamous cell carcinoma by blocking the expression of oncogenic miR-221 by its inhibitor. The present work was performed on squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC-25 and anti-miR-221 was delivered to the cells using an ultrasound micro bubbles. Assessment of the effect of miR-221 inhibitor on SCC-25 cells was done using MTT assay, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis detection. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was also used to detect the expression -miR-221 and its target genes. Using ANOVA, statistical analysis of the results showed significant inhibition of cell viability with and induction of cell apoptosis of SCC-25 cell line after transfection. Moreover, the expression of miR-221, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CDKNIB/p27 were downregulated without significant difference. Transfection of SCC-25 by inhibitor of miR-221 resulting in blockage of its expression leading to arresting of tumor growth. These results proved the effective role of micro-RNA inhibitors as novel therapeutic agent for oral cancers.

Resumo Micro-RNA-221 (miR-221) é um dos miRNAs oncogênicos que desempenham um papel vital no desenvolvimento e progressão de carcinomas orais. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma nova terapia gênica para o carcinoma epidermóide oral por meio do bloqueio da expressão do miR-221 oncogênico por seu inibidor. O presente trabalho foi realizado na linhagem de células de carcinoma de células escamosas SCC-25 e o anti-miR-221 foi administrado às células usando micro-bolhas de ultrassom. A avaliação do efeito do inibidor miR-221 em células SCC-25 foi feita usando ensaio de MTT, análise do ciclo celular e detecção de apoptose. Além disso, a reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa também foi usada para detectar a expressão -miR-221 e seus genes-alvo. Usando ANOVA, a análise estatística dos resultados mostrou inibição significativa da viabilidade celular e indução da apoptose celular da linhagem celular SCC-25 após a transfecção. Além disso, a expressão de miR-221, receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico (EGFR) e CDKNIB/p27 foram regulados para baixo sem diferença significativa. A transfecção de SCC-25 por inibidor de miR-221 resultou no bloqueio de sua expressão, levando à interrupção do crescimento do tumor. Esses resultados comprovaram o papel eficaz dos inibidores de micro-RNA como novo agente terapêutico para carcinomas orais.

Cáncer de cabeza y cuello. Su impacto en la historia de la humanidad / Head & neck cancer. Its impact on the history of mankind

Resumen El cáncer epidermoide es el más frecuente en cabeza y cuello y sus primeras descripciones datan de la época faraónica. Ha impactado en la humanidad al afectar la productividad laboral, científica y cultural y, en ocasiones, ha influido en el derrotero de la historia. El cáncer de cabeza y cuello es más frecuente en países e individuos depauperados económicamente, sin embargo, puede afectar cualquier estrato socioeconómico; lo han padecido personajes conocidos, famosos, económicamente poderosos, intelectuales y artistas. El tratamiento del cáncer de cabeza y cuello ha sido motivo de controversia desde su descripción inicial hasta la actualidad. En la decisión terapéutica ha influido no solo el estadio del cáncer sino el entorno del paciente; en ocasiones, en un afán de disminuir la morbilidad derivada de los diversos tratamientos oncológicos, se han tomado decisiones erróneas que han implicado la pérdida de la vida del enfermo. Infortunadamente, en la actualidad seguimos viendo estas conductas. Se presenta una síntesis de casos de connotados personajes que presentaron este cáncer y se describe el impacto que ello implicó en la sociedad de ese momento.

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common head and neck malignancy, and its first descriptions date from the pharaonic era. It has impacted humanity by affecting labor, scientific and cultural productivity and, sometimes, it has influenced the course of history. Head and neck cancer is common in economically impoverished countries and individuals; however, it can affect any socioeconomic stratum; it has been suffered by known, famous, economically powerful celebrities, intellectuals and artists. Head and neck cancer treatment has been controversial since its initial description up to the present day. Therapeutic decisions have been influenced not only by the stage but by the patient's environment and, sometimes, in an effort to reduce the morbidity resulting from the various oncological treatments, erroneous decisions have been made that have implied the loss of the patient's life; unfortunately, currently we continue to see these behaviors. A synthesis of cases of renowned celebrities that suffered from this cancer is presented, and the impact this implied in the society of their times is described.

Estudio comparativo de los resultados del tratamiento del carcinoma anal escamoso en los pacientes HIV positivos y negativos / Comparative study of the results of the treatment of squamous anal carcinoma in HIV positive and negative patients

Introducción: El tratamiento del carcinoma anal escamoso (CAE) en los pacientes HIV positivos resulta controvertido. Si bien las guías actuales recomiendan realizar en los pacientes con buen estado inmunológico la quimiorradioterapia (QRT) concurrente estándar, algunos autores consideran que estos pacientes presentan mayor toxicidad y peores resultados a largo plazo, por lo que requerirían un abordaje diferente. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar los resultados del tratamiento del CAE en los pacientes VIH positivos y negativos. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo comparativo. Pacientes y métodos: Se revisaron retrospectivamente las historias clínicas de los pacientes tratados en el Sector Coloproctología, Hospital Fernández, entre 01/2007 y 10/2018. Los del conducto anal se dividieron en: Grupo I: VIH negativos y Grupo II: VIH positivos. Se compararon variables demográficas, factores de riesgo específicos, estadificación, QRT (drogas, toxicidad y respuesta), tratamiento quirúrgico curativo/paliativo, persistencia/recurrencia y supervivencia específica y global. Resultados: Se incluyeron 28 pacientes (18 mujeres); margen: 2, conducto: 26 (Grupo I: 15. Grupo II: 11). Los VIH positivos eran en su mayoría hombres que tienen sexo con hombres vs. 100% de mujeres VIH negativas (p<0,01), más jóvenes (45,2±0,9 vs. 63,6±8; p<0,01) y tabaquistas (82% vs. 27%; p=0,005). No hubo diferencia significativa en la estadificación, aunque el Grupo II tuvo tumores con complicaciones más severas. Pudieron completar el tratamiento: Grupo I: 93%, Grupo II: 64% (p<0,05). Tuvieron respuesta completa a la QRT 13/14 (93%) pacientes del Grupo I y 3/7 (43%) del Grupo II (p<0,01). Hubo 3 recurrencias, 2 locorregionales y 1 a distancia (p=NS). Los VIH positivos requirieron más cirugías (82% vs. 27%; p<0,01). A 5 pacientes (4 del Grupo II) se les realizó una resección abdominoperineal (RAP). Tuvieron colostomía definitiva, con o sin RAP, el 46% de los pacientes, la mayoría VIH positivos (82% vs. 27%; p=0,002). En los VIH positivos el RR de mortalidad por cáncer fue 4 (IC95%: 1,01-16,5; p=0,02) y el RR de mortalidad global fue 5,45 (IC95%: 1,42-20,8; p=0,002). Tuvieron menor supervivencia, tanto global (p=0,001) como libre de enfermedad (p=0,01). Mediana de seguimiento: 27 meses (4-216).Conclusiones: Los pacientes VIH positivos con CAE se diferenciaron de los VIH negativos en una menor tasa de respuesta completa a la QRT y una mayor necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico. Además, tuvieron una supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad significativamente menor que los VIH negativos. (AU)

INTRODUCTION: The treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in HIV-positive patients is controversial. Although current guidelines recommend performing standard concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with good immune status, some authors believe that these patients have greater toxicity and worse long-term results, so they would require a different approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of SCC treatment in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients.DESIGN: Comparative retrospective study.PATIENTS AND METHODS: The records of patients treated in the Coloproctology Section, Hospital Fernández, between 01/2007 and 10/2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Those of the anal canal were divided into: Group I: HIV-negative and Group II: HIV-positive. Demographic variables, specific risk factors, staging, CRT (drugs, toxicity, and response), curative/palliative surgical treatment, persistence/recurrence, and cancer-specific and global survival were compared.RESULTS: 28 patients (18 women), margin: 2, conduit: 26 (Group I: 15. Group II: 11). The HIV-positive were mostly men who have sex with men (vs. 100% HIV-negative women; p<0.01), younger (45.2 ± 0.9 vs. 63.6 ± 8; p<0.01) and smokers (82% vs. 27%; p=0.005). There was no significant difference in staging, although Group II had tumors with more severe complications. Completed the treatment: Group I: 93%, Group II: 64% of patients (p<0,05). Thirteen out of 14 (93%) patients in Group I, and 3/7 (43%) patients in Group II had a complete response to CRT (p<0.01). There were 3 recurrences, 2 loco-regional and 1 distance (p=NS). HIV-positive required more surgery (82% vs. 27%; p<0.01). 5 patients (4 of Group II) underwent an abdominal-perineal resection (APR). Forty six percent of patients had permanent colostomy, with or without APR, most of them were HIV-positive (82% vs. 27%; p=0.002). In HIV-positive patients, the RR of cancer mortality was 4 (95% CI: 1.01-16.5; p=0.02) and the RR of overall mortality was 5.45 (95% CI: 1.42-20, 8; p=0.002). They also had lower overall (p=0.001) and disease-free survival (p=0.01). Median follow-up: 27 months (4 - 216).CONCLUSION: HIV-positive patients with anal SCC were different from HIV-negative patients in that they had a lower complete response rate to CRT, and a greater need for surgical treatment. They had a significantly lower overall and disease-free survival than HIV-negative patients. (AU)

Squamous cell carcinoma implantation in gastrostomy orifice. Case report / Implantação de carcinoma espinocelular em orifício de gastrostomia. Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is used to provide enteral nutritional support for patients with obstructive oropharyngeal or esophageal neoplasms. The placement of the catheter is considered safe, with few complications. Despite this, a specific complication that is considered rare, has been increasingly described in the literature, i.e., metastasis of head and neck cancer in the gastrostomy stoma. In this report, we described a case of metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx in the gastrostomy site, and discussed the possible etiologies and alternatives, seeking to reduce the incidence of this complication.

RESUMO A gastrostomia endoscópica percutânea é utilizada para oferecer suporte nutricional enteral para pacientes com neoplasias obstrutivas de orofaringe ou esôfago. A colocação da sonda é considerada segura, com poucas complicações. Apesar disso, uma complicação em particular, considerada rara, está sendo cada vez mais descrita na literatura: a metástase de neoplasia de cabeça e pescoço para o estoma da gastrostomia. Neste relato, descrevemos um caso de metástase de carcinoma espinocelular de laringe para o sítio da gastrostomia, e discutimos as possíveis etiologias e alternativas, buscando diminuir a incidência desta complicação.

Advanced carcinoma of the oropharynx: survival analysis comparing two treatment modalities

Abstract About 92,000 new cases of oropharynx carcinoma are expected to occur annually worldwide. There is no consensus about the best therapy for these advanced tumors. The objective of the present study was to evaluate overall and disease-free survival rates of patients with advanced oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma, comparing surgery + radiotherapy with chemotherapy + radiotherapy. Medical records of patients were reviewed. Previously treated tumors were excluded. Clinical, demographic and microscopic information was collected, and p16 staining was performed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were plotted. Forty-seven cases were included, 41 men and 6 women, having a mean age of 56.3 years. Most patients were smokers (85.1%) and consumed alcohol (74.5%). Patients were stage III (21.3%) or IV (78.7%). Most lesions affected the base of the tongue (36.2%). Of the 23 cases available for p16 testing, 3 were positive (13.0%). There was no difference between the overall and the disease-free survival rates for the two treatment modalities (p>0.05), even when only resectable tumors were compared. Seventeen cases experienced recurrence (36.2%); 16 (34.0%) patients remained alive without disease; 15 (31.9%) died due to disease; 9 (19.2%) were recurrent at the last follow-up. The two treatment protocols were equally efficient in treating advanced oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma, since both promoted similar overall and disease-free survival rates. The results and interpretations related herein mostly regard "conventional" oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas, as opposed to HPV-associated tumors.

Carcinoma epidermoide de lábio inferior: análise da incidência e mortalidade no Brasil / Lower lip epidermoid carcinoma: analysis of incidence and mortality in Brazil

O carcinoma epidermoide de lábios tem suas manifestações clínicas iniciais como atrofia, ressecamento e fissuras do vermelhão do lábio inferior com margem indefinida entre o vermelhão e a pele. O diagnóstico precoce é de fundamental relevância nos casos dessa patologia. O cirurgião dentista tem um papel extremamente importante neste caso. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura pertinente sobre o carcinoma epidermoide oral. Metodologia: Essa revisão foi realizada empregando a base de dados do SCIELO, LALICS e BBO - Odontologia, foram pesquisados artigos da literatura com língua inglesa e portuguesa publicados no período de 2013 a 2018 com auxílio dos termos: câncer oral, diagnóstico e fatores associados. Foram excluídos os artigos cujas abordagens antes de 2013, outras línguas as não citadas, teses, projetos e produções não relacionadas a temática. Resultados: Os métodos tradicionais de tratamento oncológico são: cirurgia, radioterapia e a quimioterapia. O tratamento a ser estabelecido estará na dependência da localização, grau histológico de malignidade, estadiamento do tumor e da condição de saúde do indivíduo. Conclusões: O cirurgião-dentista deve estar preparado para diagnosticar e lidar com pacientes que apresentam lesões cancerizáveis com o propósito de diminuir as taxas de incidência e mortalidade e, então, melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas(AU)

Cancer is a cellular modification that is related to the loss of its metabolic regulation and intercellular control in which it differs depending on its type and behaves, biologically, different from a normal cell. From this point of view, lower lip cancer is one of the most frequent manifestations of oral cancer. The most frequent risk factors are stimulated from the practice of harmful habits such as: exposure to sunlight, alcohol consumption and smoking. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lips has its initial clinical manifestations such as atrophy, dryness and fissures of vermilion of the lower lip with indefinite margin between the vermilion and the skin. Early diagnosis is of fundamental relevance in cases of this pathology. The dentist surgeon plays an extremely important role in this case. The traditional methods of cancer treatment are: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The treatment to be established will depend on the location, histological grade of malignancy, tumor staging and the individual's health condition. Therefore, the dental surgeon must be prepared to diagnose and deal with patients who have cancerous lesions in order to reduce incidence and mortality rates and thus improve people's quality of life(AU)

Implicancias pronósticas de los márgenes quirúrgicos en el carcinoma oral / Prognostic implications of surgical margins in carcinoma of the oral cavity

Antecedentes: sobre la base de la bibliografía revisada y los resultados de supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad con diferentes márgenes de resección, se plantea la hipótesis de que márgenes < 5mm son suficientes para lograr una tasa de supervivencia global y comparables a las obtenidas con márgenes mayores. Objetivo: evaluar la supervivencia global y la supervivencia específica a 3 y 5 años de los pacientes con carcinomas escamosos de cavidad oral, en función de los márgenes quirúrgicos obtenidos. Material y métodos: se reclutaron entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2017 81 pacientes operados, 57,1%hombres, con una edad media de 60,49 años. Resultados: en el análisis multivariado en función de la supervivencia global y libre de enfermedad, resultaron variables pronósticas significativas el grado de diferenciación tumoral (p = 0,033), la invasión ganglionar extracapsular (p = 0,001) y la infiltración perineural (p = 0,000). Se pudo observar que no hay diferencias en la supervivencia libre de enfermedad de los diferentes grupos evaluados sobre la base de los márgenes quirúrgicos, pero se cree que la radioterapia posoperatoria estaría confundiendo la importancia real de los márgenes, debido a que la mayoría de los pacientes que presentaban márgenes cercanos fueron sometidos a radioterapia posoperatoria. Conclusiones: las variables analizadas concuerdan con la bibliografía en el sentido de que los únicos factores pronósticos resultan las características histológicas. Si bien existen muchos trabajos que analizan los márgenes en el carcinoma escamoso de cavidad oral, todavía no hay consenso en cuanto al valor pronóstico de los márgenes cercanos (1-5 mm).

Background: Based on the literature reviewed and the results of overall and disease-free survival with different surgical margins, we hypothesized that margins < 5mm are sufficient to achieve and overall survival rate and are comparable to those obtained with larger margins. Objective: The primary outcome of the present study was to evaluate overall survival and specific survival at 3 and 5 years of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity according to the surgical margins obtained. Material and methods: Between January 2010 and December 2017, 81 patients underwent surgery; 57.1% were men and mean age was 60.49 years. Results: At multivariate analysis, tumor differentiation (p = 0.033), extracapsular lymph node invasion (p = 0.001) and perineural invasion (p = 0.000) were identified as significant predictors of overall survival and disease-free survival. There were no differences in disease-free survival in the different groups evaluated based on the surgical margins. Yet, postoperative radiotherapy may actually obscure the importance of margins since most patients with close margins underwent postoperative radiotherapy. Conclusions: The variables analyzed in this paper are consistent with the literature in that only histological characteristics are prognostic factors. Although there are many studies analyzing the surgical margins in squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity, there is still no consensus regarding the prognostic value of close margins (1-5 mm).

Squamous cell lung cancer: genomic evolution and personalized therapy / Cáncer pulmonar de células escamosas: evolución genómica y terapia personalizada

Abstract: Objective: To review the state-of-the-art in relation to the current information on squamous cell lung cancer (SCLC). We describe the genetic anomalies reported, their effect, and finally the most promising therapeutic agents. Materials and methods: We reviewed published articles in peer-reviewed journals as well as current treatment guidelines from local and international resources. Results: SCLC represents a smaller proportion of the global burden of disease for lung cancer compared to its more frequent presentation, the adenocarcinoma. However, more than 400 000 cases are reported annually, a substantial population for whom therapeutic options are scarce and with limited efficacy. Several groups have been given the task of elucidating the mechanisms that lead to the development of SCLC, including molecular anomalies that can be used as targets for drug design. Conclusion: There are potential therapeutic targets for SCLC, which must be studied in clinical trials for validation.

Resumen: Objetivo: Revisar el estado del arte en relación con la información actual sobre el cáncer de pulmón de células escamosas (CPCE) y describir las anomalías genéticas reportadas, su efecto y los agentes terapéuticos más prometedores. Material y métodos: Se realizó una revisión de artículos publicados en revistas indizadas, así como las guías de tratamiento publicadas por instancias locales e internacionales. Resultados: El CPCE representa una proporción menor de la carga mundial de la enfermedad por cáncer pulmonar en comparación con su presentación más frecuente, el adenocarcinoma. Sin embargo, más de 400 000 casos son reportados anualmente, una población sustancial para quienes las opciones terapéuticas son escasas y con una eficacia limitada. Diversos grupos se han dado a la tarea de elucidar los mecanismos que conllevan al desarrollo del CPCE, incluyendo anomalías moleculares que puedan servir como blancos para el diseño de fármacos. Conclusiones: Existen blancos terapéuticos potenciales para el CPCE que deben ser estudiados en ensayos clínicos para ser validados.

Impacto prognóstico de células tumorais circulantes e potencial papel preditor de resposta ao tratamento em carcinoma epidermóide de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado / Prognostic impact and potential predictive role of circulating tumor cells in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Introdução: O papel prognóstico de células tumorais circulantes (CTCs) em câncer de cabeça e pescoço localmente avançado (CCPLA) ainda não está determinado, devido a resultados conflitantes em estudos prévios, a maioria utilizando técnicas dependentes de citoqueratina para identificação e contagem de CTCs. O objetivo primário deste estudo é determinar a taxa de detecção utilizando o método ISET, o papel prognóstico e potencial papel preditivo de CTCs em CCPLA. Métodos: Prospectivamente amostras de sangue de pacientes com CCPLA não metastático, estágios III/IV, foram analisadas para CTCs antes e após o tratamento, em dois cenários: cirurgia curativa inicial e radioterapia (RT) adjuvante e candidatos a estratégia não cirúrgica (irressecáveis ou preservação de órgão) com RT concomitante a quimioterapia (QT) ou cetuximabe, precedida ou não por QT de indução (QTI). Resultados: Foram incluídos 83 pacientes e a taxa de detecção de CTCs baseline foi de 94% (78/83). A contagem de CTCs se correlacionou significativamente com sobrevida, com um aumento relativo de 18% no risco de óbito (HR=1,18; CI95%: 1,06-1,31; p<0,001), 16% no risco de progressão (HR=1,16; CI95%: 1,04-1,28; p=0,004) e uma redução de 26% na chance de resposta completa ao tratamento (OR=0.74; CI95%: 0.58-0.95; p=0.022) para cada aumento de uma CTC. Pacientes com CTCs < 6,5/mL apresentaram estimativa de sobrevida global (SG) em dois anos de 85,6% x 22,9% para CTCs ≥ 6.5/mL (HR=0,18; CI95%: 0,06-0,49; P<0,0001) e pacientes com CTCs ≤ 3.8/mL uma estimativa de sobrevida livre de progressão (SLP) em dois anos de 71,8% x 37% para CTCs > 3.8/mL (HR=0,32; CI95%:0,15-0,67; p=0,001). Após o tratamento, contagens altas de CTCs (ponto de corte 6,6/mL) se correlacionaram significativamente com pior SG (HR=0,12; CI95%: 0,06-0,40; p<0,001) e SLP (HR=0,19; CI95%: 0,06-0,59; p=0,001). No subgrupo de tratamento não cirúrgico (n=67), presença de microêmbolos (ME) se correlacionou significativamente com pior SG (HR=3,01; CI95%: 1,06-8,52; p=0,029) e SLP (HR=3,84; CI95%: 1,62-9,11; p<0,001). Neste subgrupo, CTCs altas (>3,8/mL) e ME foram identificados como potenciais preditores do benefício de QTI. Expressão de MRP-7 em ME baseline se relacionou a pior SG (HR=3,49; CI95%: 1,01-12,04; p=0,047) e SLP (HR=3,62; CI95%: 1,08-12,13; p=0,037) e expressão de TFGßRI nas CTCs após o tratamento a pior SG (HR=3,60; 1,03-12,59; p=0,032). Expressão de ß-tubulina III nas CTCs se relacionou a pior SG em pacientes recebendo QTI (p=0.012). Pacientes com cinética favorável de CTCs tiveram melhor SG (HR=0,22; IC95%: 0,07-0,67; p=0,004) e SLP (HR=0,33; CI95%: 0,13-0,84; p=0,015). Conclusões: Contagem de CTCs baseline se correlacionaram com sobrevida e resposta ao tratamento e, junto com ME, são potenciais fatores preditivos do benefício de QTI. Contagens de CTCs altas após o tratamento e cinética desfavorável também foram prognósticos. Expressão de biomarcadores em CTCs e ME tem papel prognóstico e preditivo em CCPLA

Introduction: The prognostic role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (LAHNSCC) is yet to be determined, with conflicting results in previous trials, the majority utilizing cytokeratin dependent techniques for identification and counting of CTCs. The primary objective of this study is to determine the detection rates using the ISET method, the prognostic and potential predictive role of CTCs in LAHNSCC patients (pts) treated with a curative intent. Methods: In this prospective study, peripheral blood samples of pts with non-metastatic LAHNSCC, stages III/IV, were analyzed for CTCs before and after treatment, in two scenarios: curative surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and candidates for a non-surgical strategy (unresectable or organ preservation) with RT concurrent with chemotherapy (CT) or cetuximab, preceded or not by induction CT (ICT). Results: Eighty-three pts were included, and the detection rate of baseline CTCs was 94% (78/83). The CTCs counts were significantly correlated with survival, with an a relative increase of 18% in the risk of death (HR=1.18; CI95%: 1.06-1.31; p<0.001), 16% in the risk of progression (HR=1.16; CI95%: 1.04-1.28; p=0.004) and a reduction of 26% in the odds of complete response to treatment (OR=0.74; CI95%: 0.58-0.95; p=0.022) for each increase of one CTC. Pts with CTCs < 6,5/mL had an estimated two year overall survival (OS) of 85.6% x 22.9% for CTCs ≥ 6.5/mL (HR=0.18; CI95%: 0.06-0.49; P<0.0001) and pts with CTCs ≤ 3.8/mL had an estimated two year progression free survival (PFS) of 71.8% x 37% for CTCs > 3.8/mL (HR=0.32; CI95%:0.15-0.67; p=0.001). After treatment, high CTCs counts (cut-off 6,6/mL) were significantly correlated with worse OS (HR=0.12; CI95%: 0.06-0.40; p<0.001) and PFS (HR=0.19; CI95%: 0.06-0.59; p=0.001). In the non-surgical subgroup (n=67), the presence of microemboli (ME) was correlated with a significantly worse OS (HR=3.01; CI95%: 1.06-8.52; p=0.029) and PFS (HR=3.84; CI95%: 1.62-9.11; p<0.001). In this subgroup, high CTCs counts (>3,8/mL) and ME were identified as potential predictive factors for efficacy of ICT. Baseline expression of MRP-7 in ME was related to a worse OS (HR=3.49; CI95%: 1.01-12.04; p=0.047) and PFS (HR=3.62; CI95%: 1.08-12.13; p=0.037) and TFGßRI expression in CTCs after treatment to a worse OS (HR=3.60; 1.03-12.59; p=0.032). ß-tubulin III expression in CTCs was related to a worse OS in pts receiving ICT (p=0.012). Patients with favorable kinetics of CTCs had better OS (HR=0.22; IC95%: 0.07-0.67; p=0.004) and PFS (HR=0.33; CI95%: 0.13-0.84; p=0.015). Conclusions: Baseline CTCs counts were correlated with survival and response to treatment and, along with ME, potential predictive factors of ICT benefit. High CTCs counts after treatment and unfavorable kinetics were also prognostic. Biomarker expression in the CTCs and ME have prognostic and predicitive role in LAHNSCC

Dellen corneal secundario a carcinoma epidermoide de conjuntiva / Corneal dellen secondary to epidermoid carcinoma of the conjunctiva

El dellen corneal es un área de adelgazamiento corneal localizado como consecuencia de la deshidratación provocada por la falta de humectación relacionada con una zona adyacente de abultamiento conjuntival. Se presenta una paciente femenina de 72 años, blanca, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, quien refirió lagrimeo y sensación de cuerpo extraño en el ojo izquierdo, de una semana de evolución. Al examen biomicroscópico se observó tejido fibrovascular en conjuntiva bulbar nasal que infiltraba la córnea, sobreelevado, de superficie lisa, no queratinizada, acompañada de inyección conjuntival y múltiples neovasos. En la córnea periférica y adyacente a esta se observó depresión de base limpia, redondeada, de 6 mm de extensión y profundidad hasta estroma anterior. Teniendo en cuenta las características de la lesión, se planteó como diagnóstico presuntivo dellen corneal secundario a pterigium grado II sintomático. La biopsia informó carcinoma de células escamosas, moderadamente diferenciado, asociado con un extenso infiltrado inflamatorio a predominio de linfocitos(AU)

Corneal dellen is an area of localized corneal thinning as a result of dehydration caused by lack of humectation associated to an adjoining conjunctival bulging. Here is a 72-years old Caucasian woman with a history of hypertension, who presented continuous tearing and feeling of a foreign body in her left eye during a week. The biomicroscopic exam showed fibrovascular tissue in nasal bulb conjunctiva, which infiltrated into the cornea, it was raised of flat surface, unkeratinized, accompanied with conjunctival injection and multiple neovessels. In the peripheral cornea and adjacent to it, there was a clean, rounded depression measuring 6 mm of extension and depth up to the anterior stroma. The presumptive diagnosis was corneal dellen secondary to symptomatic grade II pterygium. The biopsy yielded the presence of squamous cell carcinoma, moderately differentiated, and associated with extensive inflammatory infiltrate with predominance of lymphocytes(AU)

Determination of Factors Associated with Critical Weight Loss in Oral Cavity Carcinoma Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract Introduction Critical weight loss is defined as an unintentional weight loss of ≥ 5% at 1 month or ≥ 10% at 6 months from the start of treatment. Critical weight loss leads to deterioration of the immune function and reduced tolerance to treatment (surgery ± radiochemotherapy) as well as increased complication rates. Objective Critical weight loss, defined as a weight loss of ≥ 5% after 1 month or ≥ 10% after 6 months from the start of treatment, is not uncommon in head and neck cancer patients. We aimed to assess the factors associated with critical weight loss during the treatment of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed at the Aga Khan University Hospital, in Karachi, Pakistan, on 125 patients. Patients receiving adjuvant therapy were considered exposed, and the outcome was critical weight loss. Results The mean age of presentation was 46.9 ± 12.8 years in patients undergoing surgery and adjuvant therapy, with 119 (79.3%) of them being male and 31 (20.7%) female. One hundred and twelve patients (81.3%) developed critical weight loss at 6 months from the start of treatment, and the only significant variable associated with critical weight loss was the stage of the disease (p= 0.03). Conclusion A large proportion of patients with oral cancer developed critical weight loss requiring a need for intervention. The overall stage of the disease is a significant predictor of critical weight loss in patients undergoing treatment.

Carcinoma epidermoide puro-combinado de vesícula biliar / Gallbladder epidermoid carcinoma

Background: Gallbladder epidermoid carcinoma is rare and more common in women over 55 years of age. Aim: To report the features of 15 patients with gallbladder epidermoid carcinoma. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients with gallbladder cancer in an oncology service. Results: Of 207 patients with gallbladder cancer, 15patients aged 53-72years, 93% women had an epidermoid component in their cancer. Forty percent were diabetic and 33% had cholelithiasis. All had locoregional extension of the tumor. A cholecystectomy was done in nine patients (using open surgery in six). In six patients, only a biopsy was done. Median survival was 4.2 months. Conclusions: Gallbladder epidermoid carcinoma is uncommon and has a bad prognosis.

Radiation-Induced Uterine Carcinosarcoma after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract Objective To describe a case of radiation-induced uterine carcinosarcoma 6 years after a cervical squamous cell carcinoma treatment, which imposed some diagnostic and management challenges. Case Report A 57-year-old woman with a history of pelvic chemoradiotherapy ~ 6.5 years before the event described in this study, following an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIB cervical cancer, presented with a cervical mass, involving the uterine cavity, the cervical canal and the upper two thirds of the vagina. The biopsy showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma, and a positron emission tomography (PET) scan excluded distant metastasis, although it was unable to define the origin of the tumor as either a new primary malignancy of the endometrium/cervix or as a cervical recurrence. Surgical staging procedure was performed, and the diagnosis was endometrial carcinosarcoma, FIGO stage IIB. The patient was not able to complete the adjuvant therapy, and the progression of the disease was remarkable. Conclusion The present case highlights one of the less common but more serious consequences of radiotherapy for cervical cancer, which has an increasing incidence in younger women, raising concerns about the long-termconsequences of its management.

Carcinoma epidermoide primario del estómago: reporte de tres casos / Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach: report of three cases

Gastric squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare type of cancer. We report three patients with the tumor. A 65 years old male presenting with weight los and heartburn. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed an ulcerated tumor whose biopsy disclosed a gastric epidermoid carcinoma. The patient was operated and chemotherapy was attempted, but he died five months later. A 39 years old male with an antral tumor corresponding to an epidermoid carcinoma. He was operated and received chemotherapy and radiotherapy and died one year later. A 79 years old female with a distal antral tumor corresponding to a undifferentiated epidermoid carcinoma. She received palliative therapy and died two months later.